Last edited on Feb 25 2015. WHO (2018): Type 1 ... the partial or total removal of the clitoris ... and in very rare cases, only the prepuce (the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris).". ABC News. He argued that surveys taken before and after this sharing of information would show very different levels of support for FGM. [92] The highest concentrations among girls aged 0–14 were in Gambia (56 percent), Mauritania (54 percent), Indonesia (49 percent for 0–11) and Guinea (46 percent). [255] Benoîte Groult, the French feminist, made a similar point in 1975, citing FGM and cosmetic surgery as sexist and patriarchal. wait what does this mean help pic.twitter.com/u85XdZ0nkW, Girls are saying they either cut off their penis every month, or small parts of their penis. on Oct 01 2004. [229] In 1999 a woman was given an eight-year sentence for having performed FGM on 48 girls. [75], Type I is the most common form in Egypt,[76] and in the southern parts of Nigeria. "In re Fauziya KASINGA, file A73 476 695", U.S. Department of Justice, Executive Office for Immigration Review, decided 13 June 1996. [214] Several former colonial powers, including Belgium, Britain, France and the Netherlands, introduced new laws or made clear that it was covered by existing legislation. According to this view, male circumcision defeminizes men while FGM demasculinizes women. [239] This was replaced by the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 and Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005, which added a prohibition on arranging FGM outside the country for British citizens or permanent residents. ", "Female genital mutilation in the West: traditional circumcision versus genital cosmetic surgery", "Reliability of self reported form of female genital mutilation and WHO classification: cross sectional study", "Female genital mutilation survey in Somaliland", "Genitals and ethnicity: the politics of genital modifications", "Female genital mutilation/Female circumcision. so plz tell me if you find them. (from Trans Student Educational Resources @transstudent ) It's amazingly helpful for recognizing our gender/sexuality. [231], According to the European Parliament, 500,000 women in Europe had undergone FGM as of March 2009[update]. [160], Whatever the practice's origins, infibulation became linked to slavery. [19], FGM is mostly found in what Gerry Mackie called an "intriguingly contiguous" zone in Africa—east to west from Somalia to Senegal, and north to south from Egypt to Tanzania. Infibulation was banned there in 1946, but the law was unpopular and barely enforced. [81] Nationally representative figures are available for 27 countries in Africa, as well as Indonesia, Iraqi Kurdistan and Yemen. ), Your vote: None The girl is instructed to pull her genitalia every day, to stretch them further, and to put additional sticks in to hold the stretched parts from time to time. [182] FGM was eventually outlawed in Kenya in 2001, although the practice continued, reportedly driven by older women. African feminists "take strong exception to the imperialist, racist and dehumanising infantilization of African women", she wrote in 2011. To link to this term in a wiki such as Wikipedia, insert the following. [3] The figures suggest that a girl was one third less likely in 2014 to undergo FGM than she was 30 years ago. [266] The positions of the world's major medical organizations range from the view that elective circumcision of male babies and children carries significant risks and offers no medical benefits, to a belief that the procedure has a modest health benefit that outweighs small risks. [120] The WHO includes this practice within Type IV FGM, because the added friction during intercourse can cause lacerations and increase the risk of infection. [201] Throughout the 1990s and 2000s governments in Africa and the Middle East passed legislation banning or restricting FGM. [35] In Tanzania in 2005, 66 percent reported FGM, but a medical exam found that 73 percent had undergone it. Examples include images of women's vulvas after FGM or girls undergoing the procedure. [k][50] Hanny Lightfoot-Klein interviewed hundreds of women and men in Sudan in the 1980s about sexual intercourse with Type III: The penetration of the bride's infibulation takes anywhere from 3 or 4 days to several months. 131 (4): 801–4. [8] The swelling of the abdomen and lack of menstruation can resemble pregnancy;[65] Asma El Dareer, a Sudanese physician, reported in 1979 that a girl in Sudan with this condition was killed by her family. My conversation with the Google employee who told me about the penalty starts dropping [236][234] The first civil suit was in 1982,[233] and the first criminal prosecution in 1993. that’s why we bleed and are so moody. The results document that multiple immediate and quite serious complications can result from FGM/C. [25] Sunna means "path or way" in Arabic and refers to the tradition of Muhammad, although none of the procedures are required within Islam. [99] The percentage is reversed in Somalia, Egypt, Chad and the Central African Republic, where over 80 percent (of those cut) are cut between five and 14. [245] According to critics of the eradicationist position, the biological reductionism of the opposition to FGM, and the failure to appreciate FGM's cultural context, serves to "other" practitioners and undermine their agency—in particular when parents are referred to as "mutilators". Both men were acquitted in 2015. [223] Bernard A. Friedman, Senior United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan, ruled in 2018 [224][225][226] that the 1996 Act was unconstitutional, arguing that FGM is a "local criminal activity" that should be regulated by states, not by Congress; he made his ruling during a case against members of the Dawoodi Bohra community in Michigan accused of carrying out FGM. [71] These figures are based on nationally representative household surveys known as Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), developed by Macro International and funded mainly by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) conducted with financial and technical help from UNICEF. [235] The practice is outlawed by several provisions of France's penal code that address bodily harm causing permanent mutilation or torture. it can be used for lgbtq people who have came out or in the closet not for straight girls thinking it is a trend. Instead of de-stigmatizing menstruation, or having an open conversation about it (which would be awesome! It involved excision (Type II) for girls and removal of the foreskin for boys. In 2010 the American Academy of Pediatrics suggested that "pricking or incising the clitoral skin" was a harmless procedure that might satisfy parents, but it withdrew the statement after complaints. [202] By 2015 laws restricting FGM had been passed in at least 23 of the 27 African countries in which it is concentrated, although several fell short of a ban. [l][56], A definition of FGM from the WHO in 1995 included gishiri cutting and angurya cutting, found in Nigeria and Niger. Ritual cutting or removal of some or all of the external female genitalia, "FGM" redirects here. August 17. If we look at the data across Africa, the support for the practice is stronger among women than among men. [165], Isaac Baker Brown, an English gynaecologist, president of the Medical Society of London and co-founder in 1845 of St. Mary's Hospital, believed that masturbation, or "unnatural irritation" of the clitoris, caused hysteria, spinal irritation, fits, idiocy, mania and death. Thus, Mackie argues, a "practice associated with shameful female slavery came to stand for honor". [q], Surveys have found FGM to be more common in rural areas, less common in most countries among girls from the wealthiest homes, and (except in Sudan and Somalia) less common in girls whose mothers had access to primary or secondary/higher education. Judaism requires male circumcision but does not allow FGM. [33], The WHO, UNICEF and UNFPA issued a joint statement in 1997 defining FGM as "all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons". Over 200 million women and girls in 27 African countries; This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 02:46. [113] Gerry Mackie has compared the practice to footbinding. [30] According to a nurse in Uganda, quoted in 2007 in The Lancet, a cutter would use one knife on up to 30 girls at a time. Citing the Australian pathologist Grafton Elliot Smith, who examined hundreds of mummies in the early 20th century, Knight writes that the genital area may resemble Type III because during mummification the skin of the outer labia was pulled toward the anus to cover the pudendal cleft, possibly to prevent sexual violation. [13], Until the 1980s, FGM was widely known in English as female circumcision, implying an equivalence in severity with male circumcision. Lala Baldé, president of a women's association in Medina Cherif, a village in Senegal, told Mackie in 1998 that when girls fell ill or died, it was attributed to evil spirits. [8] There are no known health benefits. In Sudan in 2010, 42 percent of women who had heard of FGM said the practice should continue. According to the study, FGM was associated with an increased risk to the mother of damage to the perineum and excessive blood loss, as well as a need to resuscitate the baby, and stillbirth, perhaps because of a long second stage of labour. She estimated that 110,529,000 women in 20 African countries had experienced FGM. [261][262], Several commentators maintain that children's rights are violated not only by FGM but also by the genital alteration of intersex children, who are born with anomalies that physicians choose to correct. Last edited on Apr 10 2013. [148], —From an Egyptian sarcophagus, c. 1991–1786 BCE[149]. Gishiri cutting involves cutting the vagina's front or back wall with a blade or penknife, performed in response to infertility, obstructed labour and other conditions. [70], Aid agencies define the prevalence of FGM as the percentage of the 15–49 age group that has experienced it. In half of the countries for which national figures are available, most girls are cut before the age of five. The first publication to estimate FGM prevalence based on DHS data (in seven countries) was written by Dara Carr of Macro International in 1997. And you will have to cook him his food. It was similarly not possible to determine whether Types I or II had been performed, because soft tissues had deteriorated or been removed by the embalmers.[153]. Pediatrics. [1] It includes nicking of the clitoris (symbolic circumcision), burning or scarring the genitals, and introducing substances into the vagina to tighten it. [125] In several surveys since 2006, over 50 percent of women in Mali, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Gambia, and Egypt supported FGM's continuance, while elsewhere in Africa, Iraq, and Yemen most said it should end, although in several countries only by a narrow margin. "[aa], The examination of mummies has shown no evidence of FGM. [t], Surveys have shown a widespread belief, particularly in Mali, Mauritania, Guinea, and Egypt, that FGM is a religious requirement.
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